Eritrea might not be the first country that comes to mind if you’re planning a trip to Africa, but it should be on your radar. This small nation on the coast of the Red Sea is often overlooked, but it’s packed with incredible natural beauty, rich history, and a unique blend of cultural influences. Eritrea has a lot to offer travelers who are willing to venture off the beaten path.
Where is Eritrea?
Eritrea is a country in the Horn of Africa. It’s bordered by Sudan to the west, Ethiopia to the south, and Djibouti to the southeast. The eastern and northeastern parts of the country stretch along the Red Sea, giving Eritrea nearly 1,000 kilometers of coastline. While its neighbors might grab more attention, Eritrea’s serene beaches, stunning mountains, and rich colonial history make it special.
Eritrea’s Capital: Asmara
If you fly into Eritrea, you’ll most likely land in its capital, Asmara. Known for its relaxed vibe, Asmara has been described as the “Rome of Africa.” The city is famous for its Italian-influenced architecture, a legacy of Eritrea’s days as an Italian colony in the early 20th century. Walking down the streets of Asmara feels like stepping into a different time. You’ll find art deco buildings, cafes that look frozen in the 1930s, and even an old Fiat station. If you’re at all a history lover or an architecture enthusiast, Asmara is a must-see.
Other Major Cities
Besides Asmara, there are a few other cities in Eritrea you might want to check out. Massawa, on the coast, is a fascinating mix of cultures and architectural styles, influenced by Arabs, Italians, and Turks. It’s a port city with unique Ottoman-era buildings and is a perfect spot to explore the Red Sea coast.
Another city worth mentioning is Keren. It offers a more traditional atmosphere and a good look at rural Eritrean life. Keren is also known for its bustling markets and the livestock that’s traded there. Don’t miss out on the vibrant Monday Market, where locals gather to sell cattle, fruit, and all kinds of goods.
Culture of Eritrea
Despite its small size, Eritrea is a cultural melting pot. The population includes nine distinct ethnic groups, each with its own traditions and language. The two largest groups are the Tigrinya and the Tigre, both of which have strong historical and cultural influences.
The official languages of Eritrea are Tigrinya, Arabic, and English. Tigrinya is spoken by the majority of the population, particularly in Asmara. However, Arabic and English are also widely understood, especially in business contexts and among younger generations. So, while you might not want to rely on getting by with English alone, you’ll likely find enough people who speak it to help you during your travels.
Religion
Religion also plays a big role in Eritrean life. The two dominant religions are Christianity and Islam. Christianity is the largest, and many Eritreans belong to the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, which has centuries of history in the country. Islam, primarily Sunni, is also widespread, especially in coastal regions like Massawa and among the Tigre ethnic group.
Local Food
The cuisine in Eritrea mirrors its cultural diversity. You’ll find dishes similar to Ethiopian cuisine, with injera (a sour flatbread) often serving as the base of meals. Stews made from lentils, beans, or meats like beef and chicken are common. Don’t miss trying “zigni,” a spicy meat stew often served with injera. If you’re a coffee lover, you’ll love that Eritrea takes its coffee seriously, with local coffee ceremonies where beans are roasted, ground, and brewed on the spot.
Because of the Italian colonial influence, you’ll also find great coffee shops, pizzerias, and even some pasta dishes in major cities like Asmara and Massawa. Eating out can be a cultural experience, especially if you visit local markets or family-run cafes.
Currency of Eritrea
Eritrea’s currency is the Nakfa (ERN). However, finding local currency before arriving can be difficult, as it’s not widely available outside the country. ATMs are pretty rare too, so it’s a good idea to bring cash and exchange currency at official exchange offices or banks. U.S. dollars or euros are generally the easiest currencies to exchange for Nakfa.
History at a Glance
Eritrea has a long and complicated history that goes far beyond its colonial days. The area has been inhabited for thousands of years, and many of the ethnic groups trace their roots to ancient kingdoms like the Kingdom of Aksum.
In the late 1800s, Eritrea became an Italian colony, and the impacts of Italian rule are still visible today in the form of architecture and infrastructure projects like the railway between Asmara and Massawa. After the fall of Mussolini’s regime, the British took over until Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia in the early 1950s. Following years of conflict with Ethiopia, Eritrea finally gained independence in 1993, making it one of the world’s youngest nations.
Top Things to Do in Eritrea
Explore Asmara’s Architecture
One of the highlights of visiting Asmara is its unique architectural landscape. The city’s blend of Italian colonial-era buildings and modernist structures earned it a UNESCO World Heritage designation in 2017. Don’t miss landmarks like the Fiat Tagliero Building, an old service station that looks like it could double as a spaceship, or the Cinema Impero, considered one of the most beautiful art deco cinemas in the world.
Visit the City of Massawa
Massawa is known for its rich history, influenced by Arab, Turkish, and Italian colonizers. Wander through the city’s old town, which features Ottoman architecture and coral stone houses. There’s also a war-torn but still beautiful mosque, built by the Turks in the 16th century. Massawa’s location on the Red Sea makes it a hub for seafood lovers, so be sure to try the local catch while you’re here.
Travel to the Dahlak Archipelago
If you’re up for some adventure, the Dahlak Archipelago, just off the coast of Massawa, is a fantastic spot for diving and snorkeling. The islands are home to incredible marine life and coral reefs. With few tourists here, it feels like you have the whole ocean to yourself. Accessible by boat from Massawa, this hidden gem is perfect for those who want to get away from the crowds and enjoy nature at its purest.
Ride the Asmara-Massawa Railway
For train enthusiasts and those who love scenic views, the Asmara-Massawa railway, built during the Italian colonial period, offers a unique experience. The line winds through lush landscapes and provides some of the best views of the Eritrean countryside. The train doesn’t run regularly, but when it does, it’s a great way to combine history and adventure.
Hiking and Trekking in the Mountains
Eritrea’s diverse geography includes mountain ranges that are perfect for trekking. The most popular hiking spots are in the highlands, where you can walk along historic trade routes and connect with local villages. If you make it to the Gash-Barka region, you can trek through vast, untouched landscapes with stunning views. It’s an excellent way to experience Eritrea’s natural beauty up close.
Best Time to Visit Eritrea
The best time to visit Eritrea is during the cooler months between October and February. During this time, the weather is pleasant and makes exploring cities and natural landscapes more comfortable. If you’re planning to visit coastal areas like Massawa or the Dahlak Islands, these months are also ideal for enjoying the beaches and water activities without the scorching heat of summer.
Getting Around Eritrea
Transportation in Eritrea is fairly basic. Buses and minibuses are the most common forms of public transport between cities. In Asmara and other major towns, taxis are readily available, though it’s a good idea to agree on the fare beforehand as meters aren’t usually used. Renting a car is possible in Asmara, but it can be expensive and may come with some logistical challenges.
One thing to note: traveling outside of Asmara often requires permits, especially if you are heading near borders or visiting certain areas like the Dahlak Archipelago. Make sure to get all the necessary paperwork in order before venturing out of the capital.
Final Thoughts
Traveling in Eritrea offers a unique blend of history, culture, and natural beauty. It’s not your typical African travel destination, but that’s what makes it so special. Whether you’re interested in history, curious about its culture, or just want to explore its serene landscapes, Eritrea is worth a visit. Just be prepared for a slower pace of life and enjoy the opportunity to experience a side of Africa that few travelers get to see.
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