Mongolia is a destination like no other. If you’re after vast, untouched landscapes, rich nomadic traditions, and a rugged sense of adventure, this is the place to be. Despite its size, Mongolia remains one of the least densely populated countries in the world, making it the perfect escape from crowded tourist hubs. You won’t find the typical tourist traps here; instead, you’ll encounter an awe-inspiring history, thriving culture, and warm hospitality.
Overview of Mongolia
Lying between Russia and China, Mongolia is a landlocked country with an intense natural beauty. Its deserts, steppes, and mountains stretch endlessly, creating a raw and untamed feeling. As you move across the country, you’ll likely find yourself losing track of time as you travel through some of the most uninhabited areas you’ve ever seen.
The capital of Mongolia is Ulaanbaatar, commonly referred to as “UB.” This modern city may feel a little chaotic, but it’s where most visitors will start their journey. Despite its urban sprawl, Ulaanbaatar is a vibrant mix of the past and present. You’ll find traditional gers (yurts) next to shiny office buildings, weaving past Buddhist monasteries and Soviet-era architecture along the way.
Important Statistics
Capital City: Ulaanbaatar
Population: Around 3.3 million people
Area: 1.56 million square kilometers (604,000 square miles)
Currency: Mongolian tögrög (MNT)
Official Language: Mongolian
Timezone: Ulaanbaatar Standard Time (UTC+8)
Culture and Traditions
Mongolia’s culture is deeply rooted in its nomadic traditions and strong connection to nature. Even though Ulaanbaatar offers a modern contrast, almost half of the population still lives in traditional nomadic setups across the vast countryside. Their lives are centered around livestock — primarily herding sheep, goats, horses, yaks, and camels.
The concept of the ger is central to Mongolian culture. These portable, round tents are built to protect against Mongolia’s extreme weather. It’s common for visitors to stay in these gers while exploring the countryside, offering an authentic glimpse into nomadic life.
Language
The official language is Mongolian. It’s a beautiful language that uses the Cyrillic alphabet, which might look intimidating at first glance. However, many Mongolian people speak some level of English, especially in bigger cities and areas with regular tourism. Don’t hesitate to attempt a few Mongolian phrases, though; locals always appreciate the effort!
Religion
Buddhism is widely practiced in Mongolia, with many traditional concepts blending into daily life. You’ll find Buddhist monasteries sprinkled throughout the country, where monks continue to keep ancient traditions alive. Shamanism also plays a role in some rural communities, particularly among Mongolia’s ethnic minorities like the Tsaatan reindeer herders in the north.
Mongolian Hospitality
One thing that stands out in Mongolia is how incredibly welcoming and warm the people are. Hospitality is an important part of Mongolian culture, and it’s likely you’ll be offered food or drink when staying with a nomadic family. Airag (fermented mare’s milk) is a traditional drink you’ll come across, though its sour taste is an acquired one. Don’t be surprised if you’re offered some local dishes like boiled mutton, too.
Brief History of Mongolia
Mongolia’s history is dominated by one man: Genghis Khan. In the 13th century, Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and created the largest contiguous empire the world has ever seen. His empire stretched from China through to Europe, which certainly frames much of Mongolia’s historical pride.
Today, Genghis Khan is a national hero. You’ll see his face on statues, money, and in the names of monuments across the country. Despite his fearsome reputation as a conqueror, the Mongolians remember him as a civilizer and unifier of the Mongol people.
Following centuries of expansion, the Mongol Empire eventually declined, and Mongolia found itself under Chinese and later Soviet influence. Mongolia only gained full independence in 1921. Since then, it has undergone rapid changes, especially since the peaceful democratic revolution of 1990, which saw Mongolia embrace more political and economic freedoms.
Natural Beauty and Highlights
Stretching for miles in every direction, Mongolia’s natural scenes feel surreal. From sprawling deserts to endless steppes and mountain peaks, the landscape is the star of the show here. It’s a place where you’re encouraged to slow down, embrace the beauty of the wild, and truly disconnect.
The Gobi Desert
One of Mongolia’s crown jewels is the Gobi Desert. Despite the term “desert,” the Gobi isn’t all sand dunes; it has a varied, rocky landscape. Think wide-open spaces, canyons, and grasslands. You could spend days crossing the Gobi without passing another soul. Highlights here include the Flaming Cliffs, known for their dinosaur fossils, and the soaring Khongor Sand Dunes.
Lake Khövsgöl
In the north, Lake Khövsgöl is often nicknamed the “Blue Pearl” of Mongolia. Surrounded by mountains and forests, this freshwater lake is incredibly clear and serene. It’s a popular spot for trekking, horseback riding, and spending time with the local Tsaatan reindeer herders.
Orkhon Valley
A UNESCO World Heritage site, the Orkhon Valley is often considered the cradle of Mongolian civilization. This area is home to ancient ruins, including the capital city of the Mongol Empire, Karakorum. It’s also where you’ll find beautiful monasteries like Erdene Zuu, which dates back to the 16th century.
Terelj National Park
If you’re looking for something closer to Ulaanbaatar, Terelj National Park is just a short drive from the capital. It offers great hiking, stunning rock formations, and opportunities to stay in a traditional ger. The park is home to Turtle Rock, an iconic rock formation that looks like, well, a turtle!
Altai Mountains
For serious adventurers, the Altai Mountains in western Mongolia offer serious trekking and climbing. This region is also home to Mongolia’s Kazakh minority, who are famous for their eagle hunting traditions. If you want to witness this ancient practice up close, try to time your visit with one of the eagle hunting festivals held in the autumn.
Travel Logistics
How to Get Around
Because Mongolia is so vast, getting around can require some planning. Ulaanbaatar is well-connected internationally, with flights arriving from Europe and Asia. Once you’re in the country, you’ll usually rely on domestic flights, buses, or booking private tours with drivers. Mongolia’s infrastructure is improving, but many remote areas are reached by off-road vehicles, and travel times can be long.
Weather
Don’t be fooled by the warm summers; Mongolia has some of the harshest winters on the planet. Winter temperatures often drop below freezing, and many regions experience snow for several months. The best time to visit Mongolia is from May to September, when the weather is more pleasant, and travel is easier. If you’re visiting in winter, be prepared for cold conditions but also fewer tourists.
Currency and Costs
Mongolia uses the tögrög (MNT). Cash is widely used, especially in rural areas, so make sure to have enough on hand when heading out of Ulaanbaatar. Larger hotels and restaurants may accept credit cards, but it’s always useful to carry some cash with you.
Final Thoughts
Mongolia is a unique destination that rewards the curious traveler. From the sweeping landscapes to the deeply ingrained nomadic culture, it offers an adventure like no other. Whether you’re trekking in the mountains, staying with a nomadic family, or watching the sunset over the Gobi Desert, Mongolia is a trip you’ll never forget.
If you’re ready to embrace wide-open spaces, unique traditions, and a slower pace of travel, then start packing your bags. Mongolia waits.
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