Turkmenistan isn’t usually the first country that comes to mind when people think of Central Asia. However, it’s one of the most fascinating destinations in the region. Full of rich history, vast deserts, and impressive architecture, Turkmenistan is a country you’re bound to love once you explore it. Whether you’re curious about ancient ruins or surreal landscapes, this guide will point you in the right direction.
Ashgabat: The White Marble City
If you’re visiting Turkmenistan, Ashgabat is likely to be where you start. This city feels like an architectural wonderland. Almost everything shines, thanks to its extensive use of white marble. Ashgabat even holds a Guinness World Record for having the most white marble-clad buildings.
The city was almost entirely rebuilt after a massive earthquake in 1948, which gives it a modern, polished look. You’ll find dramatic buildings, monuments, and fountains practically everywhere you go. The atmosphere is unique and sometimes feels otherworldly.
Key places to visit in Ashgabat:
- Independence Monument: This monumental structure symbolizes Turkmenistan’s independence from the Soviet Union. It’s shaped like a traditional Turkmen yurt and surrounded by statues of important historical figures.
- Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque: Also known as the Gypjak Mosque, this is one of the largest mosques in Central Asia. It’s stunningly gorgeous inside, with large chandeliers, and it sits opposite the Mausoleum of Saparmurat Niyazov, the former President.
- Arch of Neutrality: A 75-meter high monument with a golden statue of the former president that used to rotate to face the sun. It’s one of the most iconic landmarks in the capital.
- Ashgabat Olympic Complex: If you love modern architecture, this sports complex is a sight to see. With interesting shapes and vast grounds, it’s a great spot for photos.
Darvaza Gas Crater: The “Door to Hell”
About 260 kilometers north of Ashgabat lies one of Turkmenistan’s most fascinating natural attractions: the Darvaza Gas Crater, also called the “Door to Hell.” This massive burning crater was created nearly 50 years ago after an accident occurred during a Soviet gas drilling operation. Locals decided to set the escaping gas on fire, thinking it would burn out within a few days. It’s still burning to this day.
Seeing this giant fiery pit in the middle of the vast Karakum Desert is surreal. If you’re tempted by adventure, you can camp overnight near the crater. Watching the flames light up the night sky is an unforgettable experience.
Merv: The Ancient Oasis City
Merv is where you dive into Turkmenistan’s rich history. Just outside of Mary, one of Turkmenistan’s cities, Merv was once one of the world’s largest cities and a significant stop on the Silk Road. It has a history older than 2,500 years and was a thriving center of commerce, culture, and learning.

Today, Merv is a sprawling archaeological site. Walking through the ruins connects you to various dynasties, including the Persians, Mongols, and Seljuks. You can also visit the Mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar, once the ruler of the Seljuk Empire. Although the city was largely destroyed in the 13th century by the Mongols, the ruins are still impressive.
Kunya-Urgench: The UNESCO World Heritage Site
Further north, near the Uzbekistan border, you’ll find Kunya-Urgench, a UNESCO World Heritage site. This former capital of the Khorezm Empire was another prime stop on the ancient Silk Road. It was destroyed by the Mongols too but still holds significant historical marvels.
You’ll want to visit:
- Kutlug Timur Minaret: This towering minaret rises up to 60 meters, making it one of the tallest minarets in Central Asia.
- Sultan Tekesh Mausoleum: The Mausoleum of Sultan Tekesh is an essential stop for any history lover. The dome is particularly striking with its turquoise tiles.
- Turabek Khanum Mausoleum: Famous for its intricate mosaics and vibrant designs, this mausoleum is a fine example of Islamic architecture.
Karakum Desert: Vast Sands, Camel Treks & Nomadic Life
The Karakum Desert covers around 70 percent of Turkmenistan, so it’s nearly impossible to avoid its sandy wonders. There’s not much in terms of towns or cities here, but it’s a paradise for those who like off-the-beaten-path adventures.
One of the best ways to experience the Karakum Desert is through a camel trek. You’ll pass through massive dunes, salt flats, and remote desert villages. Nomadic culture is still alive in parts of the desert, so it’s also possible to meet families living traditional lives, far away from cities.
Mary: A Gateway to Turkmenistan’s History
Mary is one of Turkmenistan’s key cities and serves as a gateway to the ancient ruins of Merv. It’s a great base for visiting Merv, but the city itself also has some interesting places to explore.
There’s the Mary Museum, which offers insights into the archaeological finds at Merv, including artifacts from the ancient city’s heyday.

The Gonur Depe ruins, relatively close to Mary, are another hidden gem. This archaeological site is believed to be the center of the lesser-known Oxus civilization, dating back over 4,000 years. It’s worth a visit if you’re deeply interested in history.

Yangykala Canyon: Turkmenistan’s Grand Canyon
Yangykala Canyon is one of the most impressive natural wonders in Turkmenistan. It’s located in the western part of the country, about 160 kilometers northeast of the Balkanabat. Yangykala means “fire fortresses” because of the vivid red, orange, and white hues painted on the canyon walls.
The rock formations here are ancient—millions of years old—and the scenery is absolutely stunning. There aren’t many tourists, so you’ll likely have the place to yourself. This makes it an excellent spot for immersing yourself in nature, far from any distractions. If you go there in the late afternoon, you can watch the sunset paint the canyon an even more intense shade of red.
Avaza: Turkmenistan’s Beach Resort Town
Yes, Turkmenistan has a beach resort! Avaza, located on the coast of the Caspian Sea, is the country’s modern attempt to attract tourists looking for a beach getaway. While still fairly quiet, the government has invested a lot into new hotels, amenities, and infrastructure. You’ll find luxury resorts, parks, and plenty of ways to relax by the sea.

Although it’s unlike the typical beach vacations you might find in Turkey or Greece, Avaza offers a quiet time among Turkmenistan’s often stark desert landscapes. It’s an easy stop if you’re already in western Turkmenistan, near the Balkans or traveling along the coast.
Gonur Depe: A Journey Into Prehistoric Turkmenistan
If you love diving into ancient history, Gonur Depe is a must-see. As an archaeological site discovered only in the last century, it dates back over 4,000 years. This ancient city was part of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), a civilization very few people know much about.
Visiting Gonur Depe feels like you’re walking back through time into a lost civilization. You’ll find the remains of ancient mud-brick structures, temples, and tombs. It’s particularly fascinating if you’re interested in the expansive history of Central Asia before the Mongol efforts of destruction.

Conclusion: Discover the Heart of Central Asia
From futuristic cities to ancient ruins, Turkmenistan offers a contrasting blend of experiences. Whether you’re exploring the white marbled streets of Ashgabat, standing at the edge of Darvaza’s burning crater, or walking among the ruins of Merv, there’s no shortage of things to see and do in this under-visited country. A trip to Turkmenistan is an opportunity to explore a place that feels like no other in Central Asia. Keep an adventurous spirit, and you’ll be rewarded with unique experiences at every corner.
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